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The use of shared, and formally structured (I1), sets of terms is an essential part of FAIR. Terminology systems, including flat ‘vocabularies’, hierarchical ‘thesauri’ and more granular specifications of knowledge such as data models and ontologies, play an important role in community standards. However, the vocabularies used for metadata or data also need to be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable in their own right so that users (including machines) can fully understand the meaning of the terms used in the metadata. This principle has been criticized as ‘circular’ but as has been made clear earlier in this article, the simple use of a “label” (e.g. “temperature”) is insufficient to enable a machine to understand both the intent of that label (Body temperature? Melting temperature?) and the contexts within which it can be properly linked - same-with-same - to other similarly-labelled data. I2, therefore, requires that the vocabulary terms used in the knowledge representation language (principle I1) can be sufficiently distinguished, by a machine, to ensure detection of ‘false agreements’ as well as ‘false disagreements’. https://w3id.org/fair/icc/terms/I2-Explanation http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy https://w3id.org/fair/icc/latest/I2-Explanation https://w3id.org/fair/icc/terms/I2-Explanation http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label I2 Explanation https://w3id.org/fair/icc/terms/I2-Explanation http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso http://dbpedia.org/resource/Web_Ontology_Language https://w3id.org/fair/icc/terms/I2-Explanation http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ https://w3id.org/fair/icc/terms/I2-Explanation https://w3id.org/fair/icc/terms/explains-principle https://w3id.org/fair/principles/terms/I2 https://w3id.org/fair/icc/terms/I2-Explanation https://w3id.org/fair/icc/terms/implementation-considerations Current considerations are for communities to ensure that terminology systems and, for instance, the units of measure, classifications, and relationship definitions are themselves FAIR. Thesauri that are proprietary and not universally accessible should be avoided wherever possible, because machines (and indeed particular countries, regions or communities as a whole) may not have the authority to access their definitions, such that even data that is accessible after authentication via A1.2 may not be useful to an agent that has no authority to access the concept definitions used within that data. https://w3id.org/fair/icc/terms/I2-Explanation https://w3id.org/fair/icc/terms/implementation-examples Ontologies defined in the ‘Web Ontology Language’ (OWL) and shared via a publicly accessible registry (e.g. BioPortal for life science ontologies; https://bioportal.bioontology.org/) are examples of formally represented, accessible, mapped, and shared knowledge representations in a broadly applicable language for knowledge representation, that are also compliant with the Findability requirements of FAIR, since BioPortal provides a machine-accessible search interface. https://w3id.org/fair/principles/terms/I2 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label I2 https://w3id.org/fair/icc/np/I2-Explanation/RAkPi1TS-k6Zub6wTw62V6rVEz7wZ178h6_3iSxCyeoSA#provenance https://w3id.org/fair/icc/np/I2-Explanation/RAkPi1TS-k6Zub6wTw62V6rVEz7wZ178h6_3iSxCyeoSA#assertion http://purl.org/pav/authoredBy https://w3id.org/fair/icc/terms/FAIR-Principles-Explained-Working-Group https://w3id.org/fair/icc/np/I2-Explanation/RAkPi1TS-k6Zub6wTw62V6rVEz7wZ178h6_3iSxCyeoSA#pubinfo https://w3id.org/fair/icc/np/I2-Explanation/RAkPi1TS-k6Zub6wTw62V6rVEz7wZ178h6_3iSxCyeoSA#sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasAlgorithm RSA https://w3id.org/fair/icc/np/I2-Explanation/RAkPi1TS-k6Zub6wTw62V6rVEz7wZ178h6_3iSxCyeoSA#sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasPublicKey MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCwUtewGCpT5vIfXYE1bmf/Uqu1ojqnWdYxv+ySO80ul8Gu7m8KoyPAwuvaPj0lvPtHrg000qMmkxzKhYknEjq8v7EerxZNYp5B3/3+5ZpuWOYAs78UnQVjbHSmDdmryr4D4VvvNIiUmd0yxci47dTFUj4DvfHnGd6hVe5+goqdcwIDAQAB https://w3id.org/fair/icc/np/I2-Explanation/RAkPi1TS-k6Zub6wTw62V6rVEz7wZ178h6_3iSxCyeoSA#sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignature ZHKb2qB8XayoAK5ECTcCZV7/cQxv0qqE+/VNJ2MvhdvH3Gdo4X+iQGHKmF8r2HHtwCJaGHhONkPk0dtjrSEYZQzPsmFpTRu63KkmnTvpMOw/GWy4/BhZAQ0q1fi6FUv++jvcBCWiSkrMaRsjcyHtAsQv7H0IAZsZxEfvKgdoPyI= https://w3id.org/fair/icc/np/I2-Explanation/RAkPi1TS-k6Zub6wTw62V6rVEz7wZ178h6_3iSxCyeoSA#sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignatureTarget https://w3id.org/fair/icc/np/I2-Explanation/RAkPi1TS-k6Zub6wTw62V6rVEz7wZ178h6_3iSxCyeoSA https://w3id.org/fair/icc/np/I2-Explanation/RAkPi1TS-k6Zub6wTw62V6rVEz7wZ178h6_3iSxCyeoSA http://purl.org/dc/terms/created 2019-11-22T18:41:24.945+01:00 https://w3id.org/fair/icc/np/I2-Explanation/RAkPi1TS-k6Zub6wTw62V6rVEz7wZ178h6_3iSxCyeoSA http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8888-635X https://w3id.org/fair/icc/np/I2-Explanation/RAkPi1TS-k6Zub6wTw62V6rVEz7wZ178h6_3iSxCyeoSA http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-0234 https://w3id.org/fair/icc/np/I2-Explanation/RAkPi1TS-k6Zub6wTw62V6rVEz7wZ178h6_3iSxCyeoSA http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2360 https://w3id.org/fair/icc/np/I2-Explanation/RAkPi1TS-k6Zub6wTw62V6rVEz7wZ178h6_3iSxCyeoSA http://purl.org/dc/terms/license https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/